在描述运动的世界时,有一类现象难以被我们忽视:事物固有的属性。这种现象并非因为动作导致相对的静止,而是仿佛贴在事物上的“标签”。英语中用Be动词来描述这种现象。
一、Be动词的二合一属性
跟基础动词一样,Be动词有其灵魂和原形。但Be动词的灵魂与原形都是be,不可拆分。当我们提及be动词的时候,需要意识到be的这种“二合一”属性。为了加深理解,我们可以想象,如果基础动词是正在修炼的凡人,那么Be动词已经修炼到灵魂原形合一的境界了。由是观之,Be动词品阶要比基础动词强一些,我们称Be动词为二阶动词。
但是Be动词修炼的结果只算小成,并不稳定。基础动词的灵魂do在不同的时间和人称面前会变成不同的形式(do/does/did),而be动词在不同的时间和人称面前,会变成更多不同的形式。根据下表,在现在的时间中,be动词一律变成are的形式,除了跟第一人称单数(用am)、以及跟第三人称单数时(用is)。在过去的时间中,be动词一律变成were的形式,除了跟第一人称单数与第三人称单数时(用was). 这些词形变换的规律,可以理解为be动词戴上了不同的面具(am, is, are, was were). 既然是戴面具,那么be动词本身表述事物属性的意义不会改变。
Be动词形式变化表 | |||
数量 | 人称 | 现在 | 过去 |
单数 | 第一人称 | am | was |
第二人称 | are | were | |
第三人称 | is | was | |
复数 | 第一人称 | are | were |
第二人称 | are | were | |
第三人称 | are | were |
二、Be动词的基本造句法则
1. 陈述句
Be动词表属性时,其后所加内容是展开说明主语的属性特征的,故陈述句造句跟基本动词五大基本句型的“主-谓-主补”句型保持一致。举例
Linda is a writer. Linda是一名作家。其中,a writer补充说明Linda的职业特征。
We are Chinese. 我们是中国人。其中,Chinese补充说明We的身份特征。
结合第六章的讨论来看,be动词引出了主语补语的成份,而主补成份才是整个句子表达的重心,be动词反而相对并不重要:即便移除be动词,也不影响句意的表达。故我们也将be动词作为谓语动词的主谓主补句型归类为“弱谓语结构”。
2. 强调句
Be动词本身是灵魂原形二合一体,自带灵魂特质,故而表强调时,无法像基础动词那样拆解出灵魂原形。此时如果需要强调Be动词,可以通过重读be动词(口语方式)或大写Be动词的所有字母(书面方式)来实现。注意:Be动词的强调句几乎不会在应试中出现,但理解本段逻辑能有助于建立系统的Be动词句法观念。
陈述:She is a student. 她是一名学生。
表强调:She IS a student. 她的确是一名学生。
3. 否定句
Be动词本身带有灵魂特质,故表否定时,直接Be动词后面加not,即可完成对陈述句的否定。
The desk is blue. 这张桌子是蓝色的。
变否定:The desk is not blue. 这张桌子不是蓝色的。
They were classmates at that time. 他们那个时候是同学。
变否定:They were not classmates at that time. 他们那个时候并不是同学。
说明:上述表否定的方法类似于基础动词的否定句中,在基础动词灵魂后面直接加not,后续再加动词原形。只是be动词是灵魂原形二合一体,not后面不需要再有be原形。
4. 疑问句
一般疑问句:Be动词本身带有灵魂特质,故表疑问时,直接将Be动词移到句首,即可完成对陈述句的提问。
Linda was a writer 5 years ago. 五年前Linda是作家。
变一般疑问:Was Linda a writer 5 years ago? 五年前Linda是作家吗?
You are diligent. 你很勤奋。
变一般疑问:Are you diligent? 你很勤奋吗?
特殊疑问句:与基础动词的特殊疑问句构成方法保持一致,即“火车头”(特殊疑问词) + 含be动词的一般疑问句?
Linda was a writer 5 years ago. 五年前Linda是作家。
变特殊疑问(对 5 years ago提问):When was Linda a writer?
Henry and Tim are under the tree. Henry and Tim在树下。
变特殊疑问句(对Henry and Tim提问):Who are under the tree?
三、总结与练习
本章开始学习二阶动词:Be动词。
学员朋友需要理解Be动词的灵魂原形合一的特性,并根据规则记忆Be动词“戴上不同面具”之后的样子。
此外,含纯Be动词的句子,有陈述、强调、否定、疑问等表达模式,这些模式背后的原理与基础动词的表达模式是一致的,所以如果学好了上一章,本章的学习不会成为难点。
以下做几个简单的练习:
1.请用Be动词的适当形式填空。
- I ____ John Brown. And these ____ my books.
- Her name ____ Lucy.
- Mr. Green ____ in the farm two days ago.
2. 句型变换
原句:He was in the park yesterday.
否定句:He ____ in the park yesterday.
一般疑问句:____ he in the park yesterday?
特殊疑问句(对 in the park 提问):____ was he yesterday?
原句:Tom and his sister are in the library every weekend.
否定句:Tom and his sister ____ in the library every weekend.
一般疑问句:____ Tom and his sister in the library every weekend?
特殊疑问句(对 every weekend 提问):____ are Tom and his sister in the library?
原句:The children were very excited about the school trip last month.
否定句:The children ____ very excited about the school trip last month.
一般疑问句:____ the children very excited about the school trip last month?
特殊疑问句(对 very excited 提问):____ were the children about the school trip last month?
3. 参考答案
请点击本行文字,查看上述题目的答案。
1.请用Be动词的适当形式填空。
- I am John Brown. And these are my books.
- Her name is Lucy.
- Mr. Green was in the farm two days ago.
2. 句型变换
原句:He was in the park yesterday.(昨天他在公园里)
否定句:He was not in the park yesterday.
一般疑问句:Was he in the park yesterday?
特殊疑问句(对 in the park 提问):Where was he yesterday?
原句:Tom and his sister are in the library every weekend. (汤姆和他的妹妹每个周末都在图书馆)
否定句:Tom and his sister are not in the library every weekend.
一般疑问句:Are Tom and his sister in the library every weekend?
特殊疑问句(对 every weekend提问):How often are Tom and his sister in the library?
原句:The children were very excited about the school trip last month. (上个月孩子们对学校旅行感到非常兴奋)
否定句:The children were not very excited about the school trip last month.
一般疑问句:Were the children very excited about the school trip last month?
特殊疑问句(对 very excited 提问):How were the children about the school trip last month?